bureaucracy

煩雑な手続き、お役所仕事

物事を進めにくくする、過剰な役所の規則や手続き。

やさしい英語で： Too many official rules and steps that make getting things done difficult.

• We faced endless bureaucracy when opening the shop.
• The new system should reduce bureaucracy.
• Why does a simple permit involve so much bureaucracy?

類義語： red tape

よく使う表現： unnecessary bureaucracy, cut bureaucracy

官僚制、官僚組織

部署や担当の仕事、権限の段階を定めて仕事を管理する仕組み。

やさしい英語で： A system of managing work through departments, clear job duties, and different levels of authority.

• A modern bureaucracy assigns clear duties to each department.
• The company developed a bureaucracy as it grew.
• Written procedures are a central part of this bureaucracy.

よく使う表現： administrative bureaucracy, modern bureaucracy

官僚制

重要な決定の多くを役人が行う統治の仕組み。

やさしい英語で： A way of governing in which officials make most important decisions.

• The country was governed through a powerful bureaucracy.
• Under bureaucracy, officials make decisions that elected leaders might otherwise make.
• The essay compares bureaucracy with rule by a single leader.

よく使う表現： state bureaucracy, rule by bureaucracy